Explanation:Piricularin is not involved in the penetration of pathogens into the host. Enzymes like pectinase, cutinase, and ligninase help break down plant cell walls to facilitate pathogen entry.

Explanation:Cryptogams are non-seed-bearing plants and include Thallophytes, Bryophytes, and Pteridophytes. They reproduce by spores and do not produce flowers or seeds.

Explanation:Early blight of potato is caused by the fungus Alternaria solani, which leads to dark, concentric spots on leaves, stems, and tubers.

Explanation:Cycas, a gymnosperm, does not have an ovary. In gymnosperms, seeds are not enclosed within an ovary, unlike in angiosperms where the ovary encloses the seeds.

Explanation:Rice, pea, and potato are classified as herbs. They are non-woody plants with soft stems and are distinct from trees, annuals, and xerophytes.

Explanation:Carl Linnaeus is known as the ‘Father of Taxonomy’ for his work in developing a system for naming, ranking, and classifying organisms that is still in use today.

Explanation:Necrotic spots are areas of dead tissue on leaves or other plant parts, often caused by infections, toxins, or adverse environmental conditions.

Explanation:Monocarpic plants are perennials that flower and fruit only once in their lifetime. After producing seeds, they typically die.

Explanation:Banana bunchy top is caused by the Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV). This virus leads to stunted growth and “bunchy” appearance of leaves, severely affecting the productivity of banana plants.

Explanation:The kingdom Plantae consists of multicellular producers that perform photosynthesis. They convert light energy into chemical energy, distinguishing them from other kingdoms.